Binder for manufacturing nonwovens

ABSTRACT

Aqueous latex base binder of a synthetic polymer for manufacturing nonwoven fabrics, and specifically webs for sanitary use having improved breaking strength. The content in the latex of hydrosoluble compounds dissolved in the aqueous phase is less than 0.5% by weight in relation to the polymer.

This is a division, of application Ser. No. 898,954, filed Apr. 21,1978, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,271,055.

This invention relates to an aqueous latex base binder of a syntheticpolymer for manufacturing nonwoven fabrics, especially webs for sanitaryuse. It also pertains to the nonwoven fabrics manufactured with theaforementioned binder.

Nonreusable sanitary nonwoven fabrics, such as liners for diapers,sanitary napkins, bandages, etc., are obtained from webs prepared by dryand wet processes. In most cases, the actual binding operation entailsonly partial binding on one of the surfaces of the nonwoven fabric,carried out according to a classical pressing process or according toany of the other known techniques (binding by mass precipitation,pulverization, saturation, etc.).

In most cases, the bath used during the binding operation consists of alatex base binder and a thickener for controlling viscosity of the bathand, hence, the weight of the deposit, possibly a surface-active agentand possibly an antifoaming agent. The bonded web is then dried in afurnace. Carboxymethyl celluloses or their derivatives, sodiumpolyacrylates or aqueous emulsions of polyacrylic acids are generallyused as thickeners.

The main characteristics required of nonwoven fabrics after binding arebreaking strength, especially in a wet medium, elasticity whichdetermines the quality of contact with the skin, and high thermobondingcapacity.

The binders, according to the invention, embody an aqueous latex base ofa synthetic polymer with a content of hydrosoluble compounds dissolvedin the aqueous phase of less than 0.5% by weight in relation to thepolymer.

The hydrosoluble compounds primarily include salts formed, for example,by catalytic residues, surface-active agents and macromolecularcompounds such as carboxyl compounds.

The applicant has found that, all things being equal in other respects,a latex with a sufficiently low content of hydrosoluble compoundsdissolved in the aqueous phase produces nonwoven fabrics with improvedbreaking strength.

The following can be cited as synthetic polymers usable as latexesaccording to the invention: styrene-butadiene copolymers, carboxylatedstyrene-butadiene copolymers, alkyl acrylate-vinyl chloride copolymers,carboxyl alkyl acrylate-vinyl chloride copolymers, vinylidenechloride-vinyl chloride copolymers, carboxyl vinylidene chloride-vinylchloride polymers, alkyl polyacrylates and carboxyl alkyl polyacrylates.

The content in the latex of hydrosoluble compounds dissolved in theaqueous phase can be estimated by using the method hereinafter describedin which semi-permeable membranes with high cutoff are used to letlow-molecular-weight compounds flow through and, if need be, carboxylmacromolecular compounds, while blocking passage of polymer particles.

The latex to be tested, having a ponderal dry material content t₁,expressed in percent by weight, undergoes ultrafiltration by passingthrough a laboratory ultrafiltration module equipped with asemi-permeable membrane, as marketed by Rhone-Poulenc Industries inFrance under the tradename: "Iris 3538". The ponderal dry materialcontent is determined from the first drop of permeate collected t_(p),expressed in percent by weight, which equals that of the aqueous phaseof the latex.

The content in the latex of hydrosoluble compounds dissolved in aqueousphase t_(s), expressed in percent by weight in relation to the polymer,is determined by the formula: ##EQU1##

A latex usable as a binder according to the invention is usuallyobtained from a latex of a synthetic polymer which is known to be usablefor impregnating nonwoven webs and which is prepared by any knownaqueous emulsion polymerization process, and by eliminating from thelatter a sufficient quantity of the aforementioned hydrosolublecompounds. These can be eliminated, for example, by ultrafiltrationthrough a semi-permeable membrane. As ultrafiltration progresses, thecompounds dissolved in the aqueous phase flow through the membrane inthe permeate while the hydrosoluble compounds adsorbed at the surface ofthe latex particles are progressively desorbed and eliminated. Theultrafiltration operation can be carried out in a classical unit of atype commonly employed in industry.

A cross-section of this type of unit is shown in the attached figure.Basically, it consists of tank 1 containing the latex to be processed,tank 2 containing deionized water, ultrafilter 3 and pump 4. Tank 1 isfed by tank 2 which supplies deionized water through pipe 5; andautomatic valve 6, actuated by float 7, maintains constant the level ofthe bath contained in tank 1. Pump 4 ensures latex flow through pipe 8toward ultrafilter 3. Through pipe 9, on which flowmeter 10 is fitted,the concentrate delivered by ultrafilter 3 is recycled into tank 1. Heatexchange fluid circulates through coil 11 immersed in the latexcontained in tank 1 to maintain it at a constant temperature. Pipe 12 isused to put the unit in stable working condition.

The unit is also equipped with shutoff valves 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 andmonometers 18 and 19.

The maintenance of stable working conditions and the operation proceedas follows: with valve 14 closed and valve 13 open, pump 4 is turned on;then valves 14 and 15 are opened and valve 13 closed. By successiveapproximations, the opening of valves 14 and 15 is regulated so as toobtain the desired flow of latex at the desired pressure, the pressuredifferences indicated by manometers 18 and 19, representing the pressuredrop in ultrafilter 3.

To ensure good operation of the ultrafiltration technique, it isadvantageous in accordance with the practice of this invention torespect the following conditions:

The semi-permeable membrane should have a high cutoff, generally between5000 and 100000, expressed as the molecular-weight-value of standardproteins in a neutral, buffered medium.

The flow rate of the latex on the membrane should be higher than 0.5 m/s(meters per second) and preferably between 1 and 2 m/s, to prevent themembrane from clogging. At the same time, it also limits the pressuredrop in the ultrafilter and the shearing which the latex undergoes.

The pressure differences on each side of the membrane should be between0.1 and 6 bars, and preferably between 1.5 and 3 bars.

The temperature of the latex should be between 0° and 100° C., andpreferably between 0° and 50° C.

Since the flow rate of the permeate decreases as the ponderal drymaterial content of the latex increases, it is preferable to accomplishultrafiltration with a perceptibly constant ponderal content, generallybetween 5 and 70%, and preferably between 45 and 55%, possibly afterdilution, especially if the latex viscosity is very high.

Unit shutdown should be followed by an adequate cleaning cycle with purewater to prevent irreversible clogging, hence destroying the membrane.

If the mechanical stability of the latex is insufficient to permitultrafiltration without forming agglomerates, one can proceed by firstbringing the latex to an alkaline pH value of usually between 7.5 and9.5. After ultrafiltration is completed, the latex can be concentrated,if need be, until its dry material content is suitable for the intendedusage.

The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLES 1-4

Examples 1 and 3 are given for comparative purposes. Examples 2 and 4illustrate the invention.

Partial binding is carried out on one side of a 1.5 denier, 40 mm longviscose carded web. The carded web is dipped in the binding bath, thencompressed between two cylinders to ensure penetration of the binderinto the web. The web is then dried in a tunnel furnace at 150° C. for 2minutes.

The treated web is tested for breaking strength, stiffness andthermobonding capacity by means of the following methods:

Breaking Strength:

This is determined with a dynamometer known in industry as a "Lhomargy".The measurement requirements are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        Test tube sizes        5 × 20 cm                                        Traction speed         10 cm/mn                                               Initial distance between jaws                                                                        15 cm                                                  ______________________________________                                    

Measurements are taken lengthwise and crosswise. They are taken whendry. They are also taken when wet, i.e., after the test tubes have beenimmersed in water at 37° C. for 15 minutes.

"Cantilever" Stiffness:

This is determined according to standard ASTM D 1388. Measurements aretaken lengthwise and crosswise.

Thermobonding Capacity:

This is determined with a "Lhomargy" dynamometer, by measuring thetearing-resistance of two bonded samples of nonwoven webs which havebeen bonded between two moving jaws heated to 150° C. and rotating at100 tr/mn. The measurement requirements are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        Test tube width     5 cm                                                      Traction speed      10 cm/mm                                                  ______________________________________                                    

Two samples bonded on their coated side and two samples bonded on theirnoncoated side are measured.

The following table gives, for each example, the reference of theaqueous latexes used as binders, the nature of the polymer of which theyare composed and their content by weight of hydrosoluble compoundsdissolved in the aqueous phase in relation to the polymer.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                                                    Hydrosoluble                                                                  compound content                                                              by weight in                                      Refer-                      relation to the                                   ence       Nature of Polymer                                                                              polymer (%)                                       ______________________________________                                        Example                                                                              A       Carboxyl butyl acrylate-                                                                       2.25                                          1              vinyl chloride copolymer                                                      composed of, by weight,                                                       39% vinyl chloride, 59%                                                       butyl acrylate and 2%                                                         ethylene carboxylic acid                                       Example                                                                              B       Carboxyl butyl acrylate-                                                                       0.25                                          2              vinyl chloride copolymer                                                      composed of, by weight,                                                       39% vinyl chloride, 59%                                                       butyl acrylate and 2%                                                         ethylene carboxylic acid                                       Example                                                                              C       Carboxyl styrene-buta-                                                                         4.7                                           3              diene copolymer com-                                                          posed of, by weight, 43%                                                      butadiene, 53% styrene                                                        and 4% ethylene                                                               carboxylic acids                                               Example                                                                              D       Carboxyl styrene-buta-                                                                         0.3                                           4              diene copolymer com-                                                          posed of, by weight, 43%                                                      butadiene, 53% styrene                                                        and 4% ethylene                                                               carboxylic acids                                               ______________________________________                                    

Latexes B and D, used in the examples illustrating the invention, wereobtained from latex A with 55% dry material content by weight and latexC with 50% dry material content by weight, respectively, these beingused in the comparative examples, the latter undergoing ultrafiltrationas hereinafter explained. Before undergoing this process, the latex inExample 2 is brought to a ponderal dry material content of 50% by addingdeionized water, whereas the latex in Example 4 remains as is.

Ultrafiltration is carried out in a unit with an ultrafiltration surfacearea of 0.7 m2. The unit is equipped with a membrane with a cutoff of20000, which is marketed by Rhone-Poulenc Industries in France under thetradename "Iris 3538", and is fed by a pump capable of supplying 6 m³ /hat a pressure of 3 bars. During ultrafiltration, the dry materialcontent in the latex is maintained constant with deionized water.

Table 2 shows the ultrafiltration time for each example, according tothe invention.

                  TABLE 2                                                         ______________________________________                                                   Ultrafiltration Time                                                          (hours)                                                            ______________________________________                                        Example 2     9                                                               Example 4    12                                                               ______________________________________                                    

When ultrafiltration is completed, latex B is concentrated to itsinitial dry material content of 55% by weight. After drainage, the unitis flushed clean with water. No clogging of the membrane is noticed.

Latexes A, B, C and D are diluted with deionzed water to a dry materialcontent of 40% by weight, then sodium polyacrylate is added until theirviscosity reaches approximately 1000 centipoises.

Table 3 below shows the results obtained for each example. It alsoindicates the weight of the nonwoven web and the weight of the binderdeposited.

                  TABLE 3                                                         ______________________________________                                                   Example                                                                              Example  Example  Example                                              1      2        3        4                                         ______________________________________                                        Weight of nonwoven                                                                         16.4 ±                                                                              15.8 ±                                                                              17 ± 1                                                                            18.0 ±                               web (g/m2)   0.6      0.5             0.5                                     Weight of binder                                                                           4.2      3.9      4.5    4.5                                     deposited (g/m2)                                                              Breaking strength                                                             (g/5cm)                                                                       lengthwise                                                                     . when dry  3000 ±                                                                              3100 ±                                                                              3180 ±                                                                            3350 ±                                            120      200      200    300                                      . when wet  1100 ±                                                                              1180 ±                                                                              1300 ±                                                                            1500 ±                                            70       70       100    60                                      crosswise                                                                      . when dry  375 ± 30                                                                            435 ± 50                                                                            485 ± 50                                                                          520 ± 65                              . when wet   85 ± 10                                                                            125 ± 10                                                                             95 ± 5                                                                           140 ± 10                             "Cantilever"                                                                  Stiffness                                                                     (mg/cm)                                                                       lengthwise    56 ± 2                                                                              56 ± 2                                                                              80 ± 5                                                                            80 ± 5                              crosswise     7 ± 1                                                                               7 ± 1                                                                               9 ± 1                                                                             9 ± 1                               Thermobonding                                                                 capacity (g/5cm)                                                              coated sides 190 ± 195 ± 15                                                                            220 ± 15                                                                          230 ± 15                             noncoated sides                                                                            245 ± 20                                                                            260 ± 20                                                                            275 ± 20                                                                          280 ± 20                             ______________________________________                                    

It will be seen that latexes B and D, used as binders in the invention,yield webs displaying better breaking strength, especially in a wetmedium, than those bonded with latexes A and C.

We claim:
 1. Process for the manufacture of nonwoven fabrics comprisingthe steps of forming a nonwoven web of fibers, wetting the web with anaqueous latex base binder of a synthetic polymer selected from the groupconsisting of styrene-butadiene copolymers, carboxylatedstyrene-butadiene copolymers, alkyl acrylate-vinyl chloride copolymers,carboxylated alkyl acrylate-vinyl chloride copolymers, vinylidenechloride-vinyl chloride copolymers, carboxylated vinylidenechloride-vinyl chloride copolymers, alkyl polyacrylates and carboxylatedalkyl polyacrylates, in which the hydrosoluble compounds in solution inthe aqueous phase of the latex is less than 0.5% by weight in relationto the polymer, compressing the web wetted with the binder compositionto ensure penetration into the web and then drying the web to form thenonwoven fabric.
 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the webis corded before wetting with the binder composition.
 3. The process asclaimed in claim 2, in which the web is wetted with the bindercomposition by immersing the corded web into a bath of the bindercomposition.
 4. Nonwoven fabrics manufactured by the process of claim 1.5. Process for the manufacture of nonwoven fabrics comprising the stepsof forming a nonwoven web of fibers, wetting the web with an aqueouslatex base binder which has been subjected to ultrafiltration, through asemi-permeable membrane, to remove a quantity of hydrosoluble compounds,while water has been added to maintain the ponderal content of drymaterial in the latex within the range of 5-70% by weight, compressingthe web wetted with the binder composition to ensure penetration intothe web, and then drying the web to form the nonwwoven fabric. 6.Nonwoven fabrics produced by the process of claim 5.